Qara Qoyunlu

Qara Qoyunlu
قره قویونلو
Qara Qoyunlu قره قویونلو
1374–1468
	Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans, lighter blue shows their greatest extent in Iraq and Arabian East Coast for a small period of time
Status	Confederation
Capital	Erciş (summer pastures); Mosul (winter pastures); Tabriz;
Common languages	Persian (official court language, poetry); Azerbaijani (dynastic, poetry); Arabic;
Religion	Shia Islam (possibly)
Government	Monarchy
Ruler
• 1374–1378	Bayram Khwaja (first)
• 1467–1468	Hasan Ali (last)
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	1374
• Disestablished	1468
Currency	Akçe; Tanka
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Jalayirids
	Sutayids
Aq Qoyunlu
Qutb Shahi dynasty

The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Azerbaijani: Qaraqoyunlular, قره قویونلولر; Persian: قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman^[8]^[9]^[10] monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.^[11]^[12]

^ ^a ^b Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). "KARAKOYUNLULAR Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan, İran ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1351-1469).". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
^ Arjomand 2016, p. 11.
^ Minorsky 1954, p. 282.
^ Faruk Sümer (1992). "Başlangıçtan Cihan-Şah'a Kadar". Kara Koyunlular (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Turkish Historical Society. p. 8. ISBN 9789751748478.
^ ^a ^b Minorsky 1954, p. 283.
^ Bauden 2019, p. 423.
^ ^a ^b "Coins from the tribal federation of Qara Qoyunlu – Numista". en.numista.com.
^ Philippe, Beaujard (2019). "Western Asia: Revival of the Persian Gulf". The Worlds of the Indian Ocean. Cambridge University Press. pp. 515–521. ISBN 9781108341219. "In a state of demographic stagnation or downturn, the region was an easy prey for nomadic Turkmen. The Turkmen, however, never managed to build strong states, owing to a lack of sedentary populations (Martinez-Gros 2009: 643). When Tamerlane died in 1405, the Jalāyerid sultan Ahmad, who had fled Iraq, came back to Baghdad. Five years later, he died in Tabriz (1410) in a battle led against the Turkmen Kara Koyunlu ("[Those of the] Black Sheep"), who took Baghdad in 1412."
^ "Kara Koyunlu". Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468."
^ The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8. "Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
^ Kouymjian 2004, p. 4.
^ "Kara Koyunlu | History, Meaning, & Capital | Britannica". www.britannica.com.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[faruk-1] Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). "KARAKOYUNLULAR Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan, İran ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1351-1469).". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.

[FOOTNOTEArjomand201611-2] Arjomand 2016, p. 11.

[FOOTNOTEMinorsky1954282-3] Minorsky 1954, p. 282.

[4] Faruk Sümer (1992). "Başlangıçtan Cihan-Şah'a Kadar". Kara Koyunlular (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Turkish Historical Society. p. 8. ISBN 9789751748478.

[FOOTNOTEMinorsky1954283-5] Minorsky 1954, p. 283.

[FOOTNOTEBauden2019423-7] Bauden 2019, p. 423.

[numista-8] "Coins from the tribal federation of Qara Qoyunlu – Numista". en.numista.com.

[9] Philippe, Beaujard (2019). "Western Asia: Revival of the Persian Gulf". The Worlds of the Indian Ocean. Cambridge University Press. pp. 515–521. ISBN 9781108341219. "In a state of demographic stagnation or downturn, the region was an easy prey for nomadic Turkmen. The Turkmen, however, never managed to build strong states, owing to a lack of sedentary populations (Martinez-Gros 2009: 643). When Tamerlane died in 1405, the Jalāyerid sultan Ahmad, who had fled Iraq, came back to Baghdad. Five years later, he died in Tabriz (1410) in a battle led against the Turkmen Kara Koyunlu ("[Those of the] Black Sheep"), who took Baghdad in 1412."

[:0-10] "Kara Koyunlu". Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468."

[:6-11] The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8. "Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."

[FOOTNOTEKouymjian20044-12] Kouymjian 2004, p. 4.

[:2-13] "Kara Koyunlu | History, Meaning, & Capital | Britannica". www.britannica.com.

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